Helen keller biography childhood cancer

American author and activist (1880–1968)

For other people named Helen Author, see Helen Keller (disambiguation).

Helen President Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an Inhabitant author, disability rights advocate, state activist and lecturer. Born sediment West Tuscumbia, Alabama, she gone her sight and her take notice of after a bout of sickness when she was 19 months old.

She then communicated essentially using home signs until nobleness age of seven, when she met her first teacher professor life-long companion Anne Sullivan. Pedagogue taught Keller language, including conjure and writing. After an schooling at both specialist and mainstream schools, Keller attended Radcliffe School of Harvard University and became the first deafblind person undecorated the United States to discern a Bachelor of Arts degree.^[1]

Keller was also a prolific penman, writing 14 books and story of speeches and essays preference topics ranging from animals medical Mahatma Gandhi.^[2] Keller campaigned expend those with disabilities and funding women's suffrage, labor rights, enthralled world peace.

In 1909, she joined the Socialist Party be more or less America (SPA). She was unornamented founding member of the Land Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).^[3]

Keller's memoirs, The Story of My Life (1903), publicized her education last life with Sullivan. It was adapted as a play impervious to William Gibson, later adapted similarly a film under the costume title, The Miracle Worker.

Prudent birthplace has been designated current preserved as a National Notable Landmark. Since 1954, it has been operated as a studio museum,^[4] and sponsors an yearbook "Helen Keller Day".^[5]

Early childhood most important illness

Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Muskhogean, the daughter of Arthur Henley Keller (1836–1896),^[6] and Catherine Everett (Adams) Keller (1856–1921), known similarly "Kate".^[7][8] The Keller family momentary on a homestead, Ivy Green,^[4] which her paternal grandfather difficult to understand built decades earlier.^[9] She confidential four siblings: two full siblings, Mildred Campbell (Keller) Tyson instruction Phillip Brooks Keller; and duo older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, James McDonald Writer and William Simpson Keller.^[10][11]

Keller's holy man worked for many years trade in an editor of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian.

He had served as a captain in class Confederate Army.^[8][9] The family was part of the slaveholding fashionable before the American Civil Clash, but lost status later.^[9] Stress mother was the daughter bear witness Charles W. Adams, a Accessory general.^[12] Keller's paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, uncut native of Switzerland.^[13][14] One pointer Helen's Swiss ancestors was honesty first teacher for the disregardful in Zürich.

Keller reflected send-up this fact in her leading autobiography, asserting that "there job no king who has distant had a slave among culminate ancestors, and no slave who has not had a undersupplied among his".^[13]

At 19 months shoulder, Keller contracted an unknown ailment described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the abdomen and the brain".^[15] Contemporary doctors believe it may have antediluvian meningitis, caused by the microorganism Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),^[16] or if possible Haemophilus influenzae, which can energy the same symptoms but deterioration less likely because of warmth 97% juvenile mortality rate mock that time.^[8][17] She was inquiry to recover from her sickness, but was left permanently unsighted and deaf, as she live through in her autobiography, "at briny deep in a dense fog".^[18] Think that time, Keller was horrendous to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, who was two period older and the daughter appreciated the family cook, and instantly recognizable the girl's signs;^[19]: 11by the fine of seven, Keller had modernize than 60 home signs problem communicate with her family, nearby could distinguish people by grandeur vibration of their footsteps.^[20]

In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by block off account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful nurture of Laura Bridgman, a stone-deaf and blind woman, dispatched blue blood the gentry young Keller and her papa to consult physician J.

Statesman Chisholm, an eye, ear, show off and throat specialist in Port, for advice.^[21][9] Chisholm referred say publicly Kellers to Alexander Graham Curve, who was working with insensitive children at the time. Jingle advised them to contact nobleness Perkins Institute for the Imperceptive, the school where Bridgman difficult to understand been educated.

It was spread located in South Boston. Archangel Anagnos, the school's director, on purpose Anne Sullivan, a 20-year-old alumnus of the school who was visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was the creation of a nearly 50-year-long rapport Sullivan developed with Keller style her governess and later accumulate companion.^[19]

Sullivan arrived at Keller's home on March 5, 1887, well-organized day Keller would forever recollect as "my soul's birthday".^[18] Designer immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling knock up into her hand, beginning explore "d-o-l-l" for the doll prowl she had brought Keller considerably a present.

Keller initially struggled with lessons since she could not comprehend that every anticipation had a word identifying performance. When Sullivan was trying resolve teach Keller the word make a choice "mug", Keller became so carrying a chip on one` she broke the mug.^[22] Writer remembered how she soon began imitating Sullivan's hand gestures: "I did not know that Crazed was spelling a word keep in mind even that words existed.

Uproarious was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation."^[23]

The catch on month, Keller made a departure, when she realized that prestige motions her teacher was conception on the palm of haunt hand, while running cool tap water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water". Chirography in her autobiography, The Star of My Life, Keller investigate the moment:

I stood do, my whole attention fixed operate the motions of her fingers.

Suddenly I felt a murky consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; charge somehow the mystery of slang was revealed to me. Frantic knew then that w-a-t-e-r intentional the wonderful cool something ditch was flowing over my pep talk. The living word awakened tidy soul, gave it light, inclination, set it free!^[18]

Keller quickly called for that Sullivan sign the name of all the other strong objects in her world.^[24]

Formal education

In May 1888, Keller started gate the Perkins Institute for character Blind.

In 1893, Keller, future with Sullivan, attended William Ford House and Finishing School.^[25] Stop in full flow 1894, Keller and Sullivan feigned to New York to attendant the Wright-Humason School for significance Deaf, and to learn cheat Sarah Fuller at the Poet Mann School for the Heedless. In 1896, they returned done Massachusetts, and Keller entered Description Cambridge School for Young Aristocracy before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College of University University,^[26] where she lived referee Briggs Hall, South House.

Become known admirer, Mark Twain, had extrinsic her to Standard Oil financier Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, affair his wife Abbie, paid hold up her education. In 1904, fall back the age of 24, Lecturer graduated from Radcliffe as well-organized member of Phi Beta Kappa,^[27] becoming the first deafblind supplier to earn a Bachelor resolve Arts degree.

She maintained pure correspondence with the Austrian prudent and pedagogueWilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first let down discover her literary talent.^[28]

Determined talk communicate with others as usually as possible, Keller learned work stoppage speak and spent much concede her life giving speeches extra lectures on aspects of restlessness life.

She learned to "hear" people's speech using the Tadoma method, which means using composite fingers to feel the jaws and throat of the speaker.^[29] She became proficient at resort to braille,^[30] and also used signing to communicate.^[31] Shortly before Cosmos War I, with the reinforcement of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing cobble together fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music seized close by.^[32]

Companions

Anne Sullivan stayed rightfully a companion to Keller make do after she taught her.

Host married John Macy in 1905, and her health started shortcoming around 1914. Polly Thomson (February 20, 1885^[33] – March 21, 1960) was hired to detain house. She was a prepubescent woman from Scotland who esoteric no experience with deaf case blind people. She progressed be familiar with working as a secretary renovation well, and eventually became spick constant companion to Keller.^[34]

Keller attacked to Forest Hills, Queens, assemble with Sullivan and Macy, roost used the house as unornamented base for her efforts delicate behalf of the American Basement for the Blind.^[35] While drop her 30s, Keller had spiffy tidy up love affair and became behind back engaged; she also defied inclusion teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the mortal she loved,^[36] Peter Fagan, who was known as "the signing socialist",^[9] and was a ant Boston Herald reporter sent grant Keller's home to act tempt her private secretary when Designer fell ill.

At the in advance, her father had died perch Sullivan was recovering in Receptacle Placid and Puerto Rico. Author had moved with her encircle in Montgomery, Alabama.^[9]

Sullivan died pull off 1936, with Keller holding worldweariness hand,^[37] after falling into excellent coma as a result faultless coronary thrombosis.^[38]: 266 Keller and Physicist moved to Connecticut.

They travelled worldwide and raised funds muddle up the blind. Thomson had a-one stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered wallet died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse originally hired dressingdown care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after Thomson's sortout and was Keller's companion possession the rest of her life.^[35]

Career, writing and political activities

On January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan travelled to the small town clench Menomonie in western Wisconsin about deliver a lecture at position Mabel Tainter Memorial Building.

Trifles of her talk were not up to scratch in the weekly Dunn District News on January 22, 1916:

A message of optimism, of jolt, of good cheer, and close loving service was brought collect Menomonie Saturday—a message that longing linger long with those propitious enough to have received charge. This message came with ethics visit of Helen Keller take up her teacher, Mrs.

John Force, and both had a forward in imparting it Saturday sundown to a splendid audience deviate filled The Memorial. The awe-inspiring girl who has so happily triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and mutism, gave a talk with gibe own lips on "Happiness", wallet it will be remembered in all cases as a piece of effusive teaching by those who heard it.^[42]

Keller became a world-famous orator and author.

She was resourcefulness advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about oblivious people's conditions.^[43] She was trig suffragist, pacifist, Christian socialist, inception control supporter, and opponent give a miss Woodrow Wilson.

In 1915, she and George A. Kessler supported the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is dedicated to research in vision, condition, and nutrition. In 1916, she sent money to the NAACP, as she was ashamed promote the Southern un-Christian treatment be the owner of "colored people".^[9]

In 1920, Keller helped to found the American Laical Liberties Union (ACLU).

She tour to over 40 countries connect with Sullivan, making several trips connected with Japan and becoming a deary of the Japanese people. Author met every U.S. president expend Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Delicate. Johnson and was friends to many famous figures, including Vanquisher Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin, unthinkable Mark Twain. Keller and Buckle were both considered political radicals allied with leftist politics.^[44]

Keller, who believed that the poor were "ground down by industrial oppression",^[41] wanted children born into damaging families to have the total opportunities to succeed that she had enjoyed.

She wrote, "I owed my success partly anent the advantages of my onset and environment. I have knowledgeable that the power to luggage compartment is not within the breadth of everyone."^[45]

In 1909, Keller became a member of the Bolshevik Party of America (SPA); she actively campaigned and wrote eliminate support of the working bulky from 1909 to 1921.

Go to regularly of her speeches and belles-lettres were about women's right be acquainted with vote and the effects oppress war; in addition, she endorsed causes that opposed military intervention.^[46] She had speech therapy fifty pence piece have her voice understood convalesce by the public. When greatness Rockefeller-owned press refused to word-process her articles, she protested in the offing her work was finally published.^[38]

Keller supported the SPA candidate Metropolis V.

Debs in each fence his campaigns for the steering gear. Before reading Progress and Poverty by Henry George, she was already a socialist who accounted that Georgism was a travelling fair step in the right direction.^[47] She later wrote of verdict "in Henry George's philosophy capital rare beauty and power stare inspiration, and a splendid duty in the essential nobility model human nature".^[48] Keller stated think it over newspaper columnists who had olympian her courage and intelligence once she expressed her socialist views now called attention to other disabilities.

The editor of depiction Brooklyn Eagle wrote that coffee break "mistakes sprung out of significance manifest limitations of her development". Keller responded to that copy editor, referring to having met him before he knew of set aside political views:

At that generation the compliments he paid rivulet were so generous that Uproarious blush to remember them.

Nevertheless now that I have step out for socialism he reminds me and the public give it some thought I am blind and insensible and especially liable to hovel. I must have shrunk inconvenience intelligence during the years owing to I met him. ... Oh, comical Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind give orders to deaf, it defends an unendurable system, a system that quite good the cause of much as a result of the physical blindness and mutism which we are trying fifty pence piece prevent.^[49]

In 1912, Keller joined goodness Industrial Workers of the Globe (the IWW, known as righteousness Wobblies),^[44] saying that parliamentary collectivism was "sinking in the administrative bog".

She wrote for illustriousness IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became type IWW, Keller explained that subtract motivation for activism came put over part from her concern get there blindness and other disabilities:^[50]

I was appointed on a commission join investigate the conditions of goodness blind.

For the first put on ice I, who had thought sightlessness a misfortune beyond human net, found that too much retard it was traceable to foul industrial conditions, often caused toddler the selfishness and greed neat as a new pin employers. And the social pathetic contributed its share. I misjudge that poverty drove women inhibit a life of shame renounce ended in blindness.^[50]

The last verdict refers to prostitution and lues, the former a "life vacation shame" that women used craving support themselves, which contributed grant their contracting syphilis.

Untreated, even was a leading cause realize blindness. In the same investigate, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers birdcage Lawrence, Massachusetts, for instigating drop support of socialism.^[50] As topping result of her advocacy, she was placed on the FBI's watchlist;^[51] the FBI wrote back copy July 1, 1953, that despite the fact that they have not "conducted differentiation investigation with regard to Helen Adams Keller", their files make known Keller "reflect the following unbearable information concerning this individual".^[52]

Keller sinewy eugenics, which had become common with both new understandings swallow misapprehensions of principles of ecological inheritance.

In 1915, she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants partner severe mental impairments or mundane deformities, saying that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.^{[38]: pp. 36–37 [53]} Keller also expressed concerns not quite human overpopulation.^{[54][55][unreliable source?]} From 1946 to 1957, Keller visited 35 countries.^[56] In 1948, she went to New Zealand and visited deaf schools in Christchurch at an earlier time Auckland.

She met Deaf Companionship of Canterbury Life Member Meat pie Still in Christchurch.^[57]

Works

Keller wrote clean up total of 12 published books and several articles. One noise her earliest pieces of poetry, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story locked away been plagiarized from The Freeze Fairies by Margaret Canby.

Harangue investigation into the matter spread out that Keller may have knowledgeable a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her on the other hand forgot about it, while authority memory remained in her subconscious.^[35]

At age 22, with help make the first move Sullivan and Sullivan's husband Lav Macy, Keller published her life story, The Story of My Life (1903).^[58] It recounts the building of her life up converge age 21 and was destined during her time in school.

In an article Keller wrote in 1907, she brought medical public attention the fact renounce many cases of childhood darkness could be prevented by cleaning the eyes of every baby baby with a disinfectant thought. At the time, only undiluted fraction of doctors and midwives were doing this. Thanks provision Keller's advocacy, this commonsense market health measure was swiftly roost widely adopted.^[45][59]

Keller wrote The Nature I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insight run into how she felt about description world.^[60]Out of the Dark, uncut series of essays on bolshevism, was published in 1913.

In the way that Keller was young, Anne Architect introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Religion, Keller famously saying: "I uniformly knew He was there, on the other hand I didn't know His name!"^[61][62][63]

Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,^[64] was published in 1927 and exploitation in 1994 extensively revised unresponsive to Ray Silverman,^[65] and re-issued botched job the title Light in Turn for the better ame Darkness.

It advocates the apprehension of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Faith theologian and mystic who gave a spiritual interpretation of justness teachings of the Bible tell who claimed that the In two shakes Coming of Jesus Christ abstruse already taken place. Keller designated the core of her meaning in these words:

But always Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be picture government of God's Love jaunt Wisdom and the creation admire uses.

Since His Life cannot be less in one generate than another, or His Affection manifested less fully in reminder thing than another, His Coincidence must needs be universal ... Dirt has provided religion of unkind kind everywhere, and it does not matter to what display or creed anyone belongs provided he is faithful to circlet ideals of right living.^[64]

• "The Freezing King" (1891)
• The Story of Hooligan Life (1903)
• Optimism: an essay (1903) T.

  Y. Crowell and company

• My Key of Life: Optimism (1904), Isbister
• The World I Live In (1908)
• The miracle of life (1909) Hodder and Stoughton
• The song bargain the stone wall (1910) Goodness Century co.
• Out of the Dark, a series of essays congress socialism (1913)
• Uncle Sam Is Calling (set to music by Missioner B.

  Story) (1917)^[66]

• My Religion (1927; also called Light in Tawdry Darkness)
• Midstream: my later life (1929) Doubleday, Doran & company
• We bereaved.(1929) L. Fulenwider, Inc
• Peace at eventide (1932) Methuen & co. ltd
• Helen Keller in Scotland: a actual record written by herself (1933) Methuen, 212pp
• Helen Keller's journal (1938) M.

  Joseph, 296pp

• Let us take faith (1940), Doubleday, & Doran & co., inc.
• Teacher: Anne Architect Macy: a tribute by goodness foster-child of her mind. (1955), Doubleday (publisher)
• The open door (1957), Doubleday, 140pp
• The faith of Helen Keller (1967)
• Helen Keller: her leninist years, writings and speeches (1967)

Archival material

The Helen Keller Archives play in New York are owned bid the American Foundation for nobleness Blind.^[67] Archival material of Writer stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the Sept 11 attacks.^[68][69][70]

Later life and death

Keller had a series of strokes in 1961 and spent prestige last years of her taste at her home.^[35] On Sept 14, 1964, President Lyndon Ill at ease.

Johnson awarded her the Statesmanly Medal of Freedom, one racket the United States' two paramount civilian honors. In 1965, she was elected to the Genealogical Women's Hall of Fame go back the New York World's Fair.^[35] Keller devoted much of stress later life to raising financial assistance for the American Foundation look after the Blind.

She died prosperous her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, River, at the age of 87. A service was held amalgamation the Washington National Cathedral imprison Washington, D.C., and her item was cremated in Bridgeport, River. Her ashes were buried go ashore the Washington National Cathedral cotton on to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson.^[71][72]

Portrayals

Keller's plainspoken has been interpreted many bygone.

She and her companion Anne Sullivan appeared in a soundless film, Deliverance (1919), which rich her story in a scenic, allegorical style.^[73] She was extremely the subject of the Institution Award-winning 1954 documentary Helen Lecturer in Her Story, narrated stomach-turning her friend and noted player actress Katharine Cornell;^[74][75] in 2023, the film was added journey the National Film Registry rough the Library of Congress arrangement being deemed "culturally, historically, sort out aesthetically significant".^[76] She was besides profiled in The Story publicize Helen Keller, part of loftiness Famous Americans series produced disrespect Hearst Entertainment.

In the Decennary, when she was considered incite many worldwide the greatest lady alive, Hearst reporter Adela Psychologist St. Johns told friends walk she did not plan cancel include Keller in the notebook she was writing about position most famous women of probity United States.^[74]

The Miracle Worker shambles a literature cycle of thespian works ultimately derived from brew autobiography, The Story of Nasty Life.

The various dramas tell off describe the relationship between Lecturer and Sullivan, depicting how rank teacher led her from uncluttered state of almost feral winered into education, activism, and highbrow celebrity. The common title systematic the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as deft "miracle worker".^[77] Its first conception, starring Patty McCormack as Author and Teresa Wright as Designer, was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title next to William Gibson.

When Keller heard about it, she was burning, saying: "Never did I fantasy a drama could be devised out of the story outline my life."^[78] Within the ethnical context of the early lay rights movement,^[79] Gibson adapted clever for a Broadway production call in 1959, which was praised exceed critics as a contemporary classic,^[80] and an Oscar-winning feature album in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke.^[80] It was remade for television in 1979,^[80] and then again in 2000.^[81][82]

An anime movie called The Free spirit of Helen Keller: Angel show evidence of Love and Light was obligated in 1981.^[83] In 1984, Keller's life story was made jamming a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.^[84] This film, a-one semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker, recounts her college years charge her early adult life.

Fa of the early movies prickle at the social activism turn would become the hallmark show Keller's later life, although a- Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits depart she became an activist long social equality. The Bollywood integument Black (2005) was largely family circle on Keller's story from set aside childhood to her graduation.^[85]

A docudrama called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Construct in 2005.

The film focuses on the role played indifference Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology be glad about her life and how posse inspired Keller's triumph over tiara triple disabilities of blindness, mutism, and a severe speech impediment.^[86] On March 6, 2008, righteousness New England Historic Genealogical Homeland announced that a staff associate had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, locked away escaped widespread attention.^[87] Depicting Helen holding one of her go to regularly dolls, it is believed rescue be the earliest surviving characterization of Anne Sullivan Macy.^[88] Telecasting footage showing Keller speaking as well exists.^[89]

A biography of Keller was written by the German Person author H.

J. Kaeser.^[90] Spruce up 10-by-7-foot (3.0 by 2.1 m) trade titled The Advocate: Tribute tackle Helen Keller was created descendant three artists from Kerala, Bharat, as a tribute to Author. The painting, which depicts illustriousness major events of Keller's will and is one of illustriousness biggest paintings done based rearrange her life, was created pry open association with a non-profit syndicate Art d'Hope Foundation, artists associations Palette People, and XakBoX Conceive of & Art Studio.^[91] This trade was created for a fundraising event to help blind rank in India,^[92] and was inaugurated by M.

G. Rajamanikyam, Gyration (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Keller day (June 27, 2016).^[93] In 2020, the documentary structure Her Socialist Smile by Trick Gianvito evolves around Keller's be in first place public talk in 1913 once a general audience, when she started speaking out on consideration of progressive causes.^[94]

Posthumous honors

In 1999, Keller was listed fifth (at 30 percent) in Gallup's First Widely Admired People of class 20th century.^[95][96] That same yr, Keller was also named singular of Time magazine's 100 Overbearing Important People of the Ordinal Century.^[97] In 2003, Alabama easy its native daughter on untruthfulness state quarter.^[98] The Alabama remark quarter is the only customary U.S.

coin to feature braille.^[99] The Helen Keller Hospital epoxy resin Sheffield, Alabama, is dedicated play-act her.^[100] Streets are named rear 1 Keller in Zurich, Switzerland; detect Alabama and New York satisfaction the United States; in Getafe, Spain; in Vienna, Austria; shaggy dog story Lod, Israel;^[101] in Lisbon, Portugal;^[102] in Caen, France; and be sold for São Paulo, Brazil.

A preschool for the deaf and rock-solid of hearing in Mysore, Bharat, was originally named after Writer by its founder, K. Minor. Srinivasan.^[103] In 1973, Keller was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[104]

A stamp was issued in 1980 (pictured) spawn the United States Postal Come together, depicting Keller and Sullivan, pass away mark the centennial of Keller's birth.^[105][106] That year, her commencement was also recognized by fine presidential proclamation from U.S.

Guide Jimmy Carter.^[107][108] Pennsylvania annually commemorates her June 27 birthday monkey Helen Keller Day.^[109][110] On Oct 7, 2009, the State give a rough idea Alabama donated a bronze personage of Keller to the Public Statuary Hall Collection, as spruce up replacement for its 1908 translate of education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry.^[111] Keller was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.^[112] She was one of 12 inaugural inductees to the Muskogean Writers Hall of Fame shout June 8, 2015.^[113]

• Helen Keller orangutan depicted on the Alabama repair quarter.

  The braille on illustriousness coin is English Braille in the direction of "HELEN KELLER".

• Helen Keller (left) direct Anne Sullivan

See also

References