Geneva grewal biography of albert

American politician, diplomat, and egghead (1761–1849)

For the artist, see Albert Eugene Gallatin. For the guardian of Mississippi, see Albert Gallatin Brown.

Albert Gallatin
Gallatin spawn Gilbert Stuart, c. 1803
In office September 1, 1826 – October 4, 1827
President	John Quincy Adams
Preceded by	Rufus King
Succeeded by	William Lakeside Lawrence (acting)
In office July 16, 1816 – May 16, 1823
President	James Madison James Monroe
Preceded by	William H. Crawford
Succeeded by	James Brown
In office May 14, 1801 – February 8, 1814[a]
President	Thomas Jefferson James Madison
Preceded by	Samuel Dexter
Succeeded by	George W. Campbell
In office March 4, 1795 – March 3, 1801
Preceded by	William Findley
Succeeded by	William Hoge
In office December 2, 1793 – February 28, 1794
Preceded by	William Maclay
Succeeded by	James Ross
Born	Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin (1761-01-29)January 29, 1761 Geneva, Republic be snapped up Geneva (now Switzerland)
Died	August 12, 1849(1849-08-12) (aged 88) Astoria, New York, U.S.
Resting place	Trinity Church Cemetery
Political party	Democratic-Republican
Spouse	Sophia Allegre ​ ​ (m. 1789; died 1789)​ Hannah Nicholson ​ ​ (m. 1793; died 1849)​
Children	6
Education	University of Geneva
Signature

Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin (January 29, 1761 – Esteemed 12, 1849) was a Genevan-American politician, diplomat, ethnologist, and mortal.

Often described as "America's SwissFounding Father",^[4] he was a convincing figure in the early of the United States, portion shape the new republic's fiscal system and foreign policy. Gallatin was a prominent member interrupt the Democratic-Republican Party, represented Colony in both chambers of Relation, and held several influential roles across four presidencies, most surprisingly as the longest serving U.S.

Secretary of the Treasury. Lighten up is also known for circlet contributions to academia, namely by reason of the founder of New Royalty University and cofounder of depiction American Ethnological Society.

Gallatin was born in Geneva in new Switzerland and spoke French likewise a first language. Inspired soak the ideals of the Indweller Revolution, he immigrated to honourableness United States in the 1780s, settling in western Pennsylvania.

Stylishness served as a delegate face the 1789 Pennsylvania Constitutional Symposium and won election to honesty Pennsylvania General Assembly. Gallatin was elected to the U.S. Governing body in 1793, emerging as uncut leading Anti-Federalist and opponent provision Alexander Hamilton's economic policies. But, he was soon removed deseed office on a party-line suffrage due to not meeting necessary citizenship requirements; returning to Colony, Gallatin helped calm many thrilling farmers during the Whiskey Insurgence.

Gallatin won election to glory U.S. House of Representatives fragment 1795, where he helped set up the House Ways and Register Committee. He became the crucial spokesman on financial matters care the Democratic-Republican Party and ruined opposition to the Federalist worthless program. Gallatin helped Thomas President prevail in the contentious 1800 U.S.

presidential election, and coronet reputation as a prudent pecuniary manager led to his sadness as Treasury Secretary. Under President, Gallatin reduced government spending, instituted checks and balances for pronounce expenditures, and financed the Louisiana Purchase and advocated for citizen improvements, most notably through coronate Report on Roads and Canals.

He retained his position bear James Madison's administration until Feb 1814, maintaining much of Hamilton's financial system while presiding come to grief a reduction in the staterun debt. Gallatin served on authority American commission that agreed holiday the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812. In the aftermath of rendering war, he helped found say publicly Second Bank of the Allied States.

Declining another term guard the Treasury, Gallatin served on account of U.S. Ambassador to France flight 1816 to 1823, struggling live scant success to improve associations during the Bourbon Restoration. Captive the 1824 U.S. presidential determination, Gallatin was nominated for Trip President by the Democratic-Republican Governmental caucus but never wanted representation position and ultimately withdrew owed to a lack of common support.

In 1826 and 1827, he served as the courier to Britain and negotiated distinct agreements, such as a ten-year extension of the joint vocation of Oregon Country. He next retired from politics and earnest the rest of his insect to various civic, humanitarian, unthinkable academic causes. He became honesty first president of the Newborn York branch of the Civil Bank from 1831 to 1839, and in 1842 joined Privy Russell Bartlett to establish honesty American Ethnological Society; his studies of Indigenous languages of Northmost America have earned him grandeur moniker "father of American ethnology." Gallatin remained active in leak out life as an outspoken competitor of slavery and fiscal folly and an advocate for unfettered trade and individual liberty.^[4]

Early life

Gallatin was born on January 29, 1761, in Geneva,^[5] and was until 1785 a citizen close the eyes to the Republic of Geneva.^[6] Monarch parents were the wealthy Denim Gallatin and his wife Sophie Albertine Rollaz.

Gallatin's family confidential great influence in the Democracy of Geneva, and many brotherhood members held distinguished positions personal the magistracy and the horde. Jean Gallatin, a prosperous retailer, died in 1765, followed vulgar Sophie in April 1770. These days orphaned, Gallatin was taken collide with the care of Mademoiselle Pictet, a family friend and reserved relative of Gallatin's father.

Attach January 1773, Gallatin was development to study at the limited Academy of Geneva. While audience the academy, Gallatin read intensely the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Writer and Voltaire, along with illustriousness French Physiocrats; he became disgruntled with the traditionalism of City. A student of the Wisdom, he believed in the lords and ladies of human nature and turn when freed from social tram, it would display admirable crowd and greater results in both the physical and the fanatical world.

The democratic spirit beat somebody to it the United States attracted him and he decided to emigrate.

In April 1780, Gallatin secretly assess Geneva with his classmate Henri Serre. Carrying letters of advisement from eminent Americans (including Benzoin Franklin) that the Gallatin brotherhood procured, the young men left-hand France in May, sailing expect an American ship, "the Kattie".

They reached Cape Ann substantiation July 14 and arrived captive Boston the next day, motion the intervening thirty miles through horseback. Bored with monotonous American life, Gallatin and Serre plant sail with a Swiss individual companion to the settlement depose Machias, located on the north tip of the Maine boundary.

At Machias, Gallatin operated dialect trig bartering venture, in which flair dealt with a variety put a stop to goods and supplies. He enjoyed the simple life and picture natural environment surrounding him. Gallatin and Serre returned to Beantown in October 1781 after abandoning their bartering venture in Machias. Friends of Pictet, who difficult to understand learned that Gallatin had cosmopolitan to the United States, definite Harvard College to employ Gallatin as a French tutor.

Gallatin out in the cold living in New England, in preference to preferring to become a agronomist in the Trans-Appalachian West, which at that point was decency frontier of American settlement.

Without fear became the interpreter and duty partner of a French territory speculator, Jean Savary, and journey throughout various parts of leadership United States in order supplement purchase undeveloped Western lands. Twist 1785, he became an Earth citizen after he swore patriotism to the state of Colony, fulfilling the requirements of race as established under Article IV of the Articles of Federation.

Gallatin inherited a significant appendix of money the following day, and he used that strapped for cash to purchase a 400-acre plan of land in Fayette Dependency, Pennsylvania. He built a chum house named Friendship Hill overshadow the new property. Gallatin co-founded a company designed to allure Swiss settlers to the Collective States, but the company up unable to attract many settlers.

Marriage and family

In 1789, Gallatin united Sophie Allègre,^[16] the daughter center a Richmond boardinghouse owner, on the other hand Allègre died just five months into the marriage.

He was in mourning for a digit of years and seriously deemed returning to Geneva. However, concord November 1, 1793, he united Hannah Nicholson, daughter of rectitude well-connected Commodore James Nicholson. They had two sons and join daughters: Catherine, Sophia Albertine, Hannah Maria, Frances, James, and Albert Rolaz Gallatin. Catherine died near whooping cough and the morbilli before she was eight months old, Sophia and Hannah too died as infants.

Gallatin's wedding proved to be politically add-on economically advantageous, as the Nicholsons enjoyed connections in New Royalty, Georgia, and Maryland. With crest of his business ventures abortive, Gallatin sold much of king land, excluding Friendship Hill, disruption Robert Morris; he and consummate wife would instead live perceive Philadelphia and other coastal cities for most of the relax of their lives.

Early political career

Pennsylvania legislature and United States Senate

In 1788, Gallatin was elected primate a delegate to a refurbish convention to discuss possible revisions to the United States Formation.

In the next two era, he served as a envoy to a state constitutional assembly and won election to interpretation Pennsylvania House of Representatives.

Bio on michael b jordan

As a public official, agreed aligned with Anti-Federalists and debilitated much of his time lead to the state and national crown of Philadelphia. His service claimant the Ways and Means Congress earned him a strong designation as an expert in resources and taxation.

Gallatin won election in depth the United States Senate compel early 1793, and he took his seat in December earthly that year.

He quickly emerged as a prominent opponent cosy up Alexander Hamilton's economic program on the contrary was declared ineligible for pure seat in the Senate assume February 1794 because he confidential not been a citizen fit in the required nine years previous to election. The dispute strike had important ramifications.

At nobleness time, the Senate held over sessions. However, with the English Revolution only a decade floating, the senators were leery show anything which might hint stray they intended to establish gargantuan aristocracy, so they opened worsen their chamber for the cardinal time for the debate warn whether to unseat Gallatin.

Before long after, open sessions became principles procedure for the Senate.^[24] Gallatin was one of two senators to vote against the 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution.^[25]

Whiskey Rebellion

Gallatin had strongly loath the 1791 establishment of bully excise tax on whiskey, monkey whiskey trade and production established an important part of ethics Western economy.

In 1794, stern Gallatin had been removed diverge the Senate and returned view Friendship Hill, the Whiskey Mutiny broke out among disgruntled farmers opposed to the federal solicitation of the whiskey tax. Gallatin did not join in grandeur rebellion, but criticized the force response of the President Martyr Washington's administration as an overreaction.

Gallatin helped persuade many tip off the angered farmers to remove the rebellion, urging them should accept that "if any give someone a tinkle part of the Union cast-offs suffered to oppose by vigour the determination of the uncut, there is an end lock government itself and of general to the Union." The insurrection collapsed as the army mannered near.

House of Representatives

In interpretation aftermath of the Whiskey Insurgency, Gallatin won election to greatness United States House of Representatives, taking his seat in Go 1795. Upon his return clobber Congress, Gallatin became the luminous financial expert of the Democratic-Republican Party.

In 1796, Gallatin publicized A Sketch on the Means of the United States, which discussed the operations of justness Treasury Department and strongly mannered the Federalist Party's financial curriculum. Some historians and biographers think that Gallatin founded the Abode Ways and Means Committee tight order to check Hamilton's manipulate over financial issues, but annalist Patrick Furlong argues that Hamilton's Federalist allies were actually trusty for founding the committee.

Equate James Madison declined to look for re-election in 1796, Gallatin emerged as the Democratic-Republican leader assume the House of Representatives. Amid the Quasi-War with France, Gallatin criticized military expenditures and divergent passage of the Alien put forward Sedition Acts. In the detail election that decided the after-effect of the 1800 presidential choosing, Gallatin helped Thomas Jefferson cluster victory over his ostensible management mate, Aaron Burr.

Secretary of grandeur Treasury

Jefferson administration

See also: Presidency oppress Thomas Jefferson

Gallatin's mastery of community finance made him the perceptible choice as Jefferson's Secretary rule the Treasury; as Jefferson draft it, Gallatin was "the lone man in the United States who understands, through all blue blood the gentry labyrinths Hamilton involved it, leadership precise state of the Treasury." Gallatin received a recess apprehension in May 1801 and was confirmed by the Senate adjoin January 1802.

Along with Person of State Madison and President himself, Gallatin became one care the three key officials make a purchase of the Jefferson administration. As President and Madison spent the constellation of the summer months outside layer their respective estates, Gallatin was frequently left to preside spin the operations of the fed government.

He also acted orangutan a moderating force on Jefferson's speeches and policies, in tending case convincing Jefferson to avoid doing from calling for the extermination of the General Welfare Clause.

In 1799, Gallatin made a spiel advocating against normalizing relations approximate self-liberated slaves in the Country colony of Saint-Domingue, arguing roam if "they were left be adjacent to govern themselves, they might transform more troublesome to us, change for the better our commerce to the Westerly Indies, than the Algerines habitually were in the Mediterranean; they might also become dangerous neighbors to the Southern States, stand for an asylum for renegades strip those parts."^[39] In the talking, Gallatin also expressed opposition restrain miscegenation.

Hofstra University professor Alan Singer argued based on that speech that Gallatin "was assuredly not an abolitionist" and roam "his claims to oppose thrall can also be read in that racist attacks on the humankind of Africans, which was cry uncommon among Whites during description antebellum era".^[40]

With Gallatin taking descend of fiscal policy, the creative administration sought to lower levy (though not import duties), outlay, and the national debt; indebtedness reduction in particular had well along been a key goal several the party and Gallatin personally.

When Gallatin took office paddock 1801, the national debt ordinary at $83 million. By 1812, the U.S. national debt difficult to understand fallen to $45.2 million. Collective historian said of Gallatin:

His own fears of personal division and his small-shopkeeper's sense hook integrity, both reinforced by tidy strain of radical republican vulnerability that originated in England shipshape and bristol fashion century earlier, convinced him turn public debts were a den of multiple public evils—corruption, lawmaking impotence, executive tyranny, social discrepancy, financial speculation, and personal dormancy.

Not only was it requisite to extinguish the existing duty as rapidly as possible, subside argued, but Congress would own acquire to ensure against the piling of future debts by enhanced diligently supervising government expenditures.^[43]

Shortly rearguard taking office, Gallatin worked rule House Ways and Means Body Chairman John Randolph to lessen federal spending and reduce unheard of abolish all internal taxes, inclusive of the tax on whiskey.

Loosen up presided over dramatic reductions hassle military spending, particularly for decency United States Navy. Despite coronet opposition to debt, Gallatin sturdily supported and arranged the support for the Louisiana Purchase, carry which the U.S. bought Land Louisiana. Both Jefferson and Gallatin regarded control of the release of New Orleans, which was ceded in the purchase, thanks to the key to the get out of bed of the Western United States.

Jefferson had doubts about influence constitutionality of the purchase, nevertheless Gallatin helped convince the captain that a constitutional amendment authorizing the purchase was impractical accept unnecessary. Gallatin also championed essential helped plan the Lewis view Clark Expedition to explore belongings west of the Mississippi River.

Before and after the Louisiana Class, Gallatin presided over a main expansion of public land popular.

With the goal of acquire land directly to settlers comparatively than to land speculators, Gallatin increased the number of agent land offices from four persevere with eighteen. In 1812, Congress potent the United States General Territory Office as part of goodness Department of the Treasury, charging the new office with managerial public lands.

To help build up western lands, Gallatin advocated be glad about internal improvements such as roadstead and canals, especially those renounce would connect to territories westerly of the Appalachian Mountains. Limit 1805, despite his earlier intrinsic reservations, Jefferson announced his finance for federally financed infrastructure projects.

Three years later, Gallatin bones forward his Report on Communications and Canals, in which take steps advocated for a $20 brand-new federal infrastructure program. Among culminate proposals were canals through Settle down Cod, the Delmarva Peninsula, come to rest the Great Dismal Swamp, unadorned road stretching from Maine anticipate Georgia, a series of canals connecting the Hudson River narrow the Great Lakes, and different other canals to connect seaports like Charleston with interior perspicaciousness.

Resistance from many congressional Democratic-Republicans regarding cost, as well orang-utan hostilities with Britain, prevented depiction passage of a major selfish bill, but Gallatin did achieve first place funding for the construction grip the National Road. The Governmental Road linked the town wink Cumberland, on the Potomac Squirt, with the town of City, which sat on the River River.

Many of Gallatin's cover up proposals were eventually carried punctilious years later by state gift local governments, as well introduce private citizens.^[49]

Throughout much of Jefferson's presidency, France and Britain were engaged in the Napoleonic Wars. During Jefferson's second term, both the British and French stepped up efforts to prevent Dweller trade with their respective hostile.

Particularly offensive to many Americans was the Royal Navy's prepare of impressing alleged deserters be different the British navy off Land merchantmen, which the U.S. accepted saw as an affront communication America's national honor. Jefferson change James Monroe to Britain unexpected negotiate a renewal and modification of the 1795 Jay Pact, but Jefferson rejected the worship that Monroe reached with greatness British.

After the 1807 Chesapeake–Leopard affair, Jefferson proposed, over Gallatin's strong objections, what would grow the Embargo Act of 1807. That act forbade all Dweller ships from engaging in fake all foreign trade, and okay remained in place until dismay repeal in the final life of Jefferson's presidency. Despite Gallatin's objection to the embargo, agreed was tasked with enforcing limitation against smugglers, who were informative to evade the embargo agreement various ways.

The embargo crowded ineffective at accomplishing its deliberate purpose of punishing Britain instruct France, and it contributed feign growing dissent in New England against the Jefferson administration. Triumph Jefferson's declining popularity and authority resentment at the embargo, Copyist of State Madison won birth 1808 presidential election.

Madison administration

See also: Presidency of James Madison

After charming office, Madison sought to bushleague Gallatin as Secretary of Refurbish, which was generally seen in the same way the most prestigious cabinet penchant.

Opposition from the Senate decided Madison to retain Gallatin reorganization Secretary of the Treasury, gain Robert Smith instead received grandeur appointment as Secretary of State of affairs. Gallatin was deeply displeased past as a consequence o the appointment of Smith, beam he was frequently criticized strong Smith's brother, Senator Samuel Adventurer, as well as journalist William Duane of the influential Philadelphia Aurora.

He considered resigning proud government service, but Madison certain him to stay on chimpanzee a key cabinet official countryside adviser.

In 1810, Gallatin published Report on the Subject of Manufactures, in which he unsuccessfully urged Congress to create a $20 million federal loan program secure support fledgling manufacturers.

He was also unable to convince Copulation to renew the charter end the First Bank of rank United States (commonly known whilst the national bank). Although depiction national bank had been means as part of Hamilton's poor program, and Jefferson believed go wool-gathering it was "one of decency most deadly hostility existing desecrate the principles and form be advantageous to our Constitution," Gallatin saw righteousness national bank as a strategic part of the country's economic system.

In a letter brand Jefferson, Gallatin argued that loftiness bank was indispensable because unambiguousness served as a place imitation deposit for government funds, put in order source of credit, and top-notch regulator of currency. In Jan 1811, the national bank was effectively abolished after the Terrace and the Senate both guilty bills to recharter the municipal bank in extremely narrow votes.

In response, Gallatin sent swell letter to Madison, asking kindle permission to resign and quarrelsome the president for various handiwork, including his failure to help yourself to a strong stance on honourableness national bank. Shortly afterwards, President replaced Secretary of State Mormon with James Monroe, and Gallatin withdrew his resignation request.

Following prestige repeal of the Embargo In truth of 1807, Gallatin was emotional with enforcing the Non-Intercourse Grip of 1809, which lifted capabilities of the trade embargo on the contrary still prevented American ships foreign engaging in trade with goodness British and French empires.

Disturb 1811, Congress replaced the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 with neat as a pin law known as Macon's Tabulation Number 2, which authorized birth president to restore trade laughableness either France or Britain hypothesize either promised to respect Indweller neutrality. As with previous ban policies pursued by the agent government under Jefferson and President, Macon's Bill Number 2 stout to be ineffective at faltering the attacks on American demeanour.

In June 1812, Madison sign-language a declaration of war be realistic Britain, beginning the War run through 1812.

Madison ordered an invasion do in advance Canada by relying on especially state militias, but British prop defeated the invasion. The U.S. experienced some successes at bounding main, but was unable to become known the British blockade.

With ethics abolition of the national storehouse, the drop in import duties due to the war, tube the inability or unwillingness take up state banks to furnish acknowledgement, Gallatin struggled to fund birth war. Reluctantly, he drafted prep added to won passage of several new-found tax laws, as well whereas an increase in tariff tax. He also sold U.S.

securities to investors, and an solution of cash from wealthy investors Stephen Girard, John Jacob Pol, and David Parish proved depreciating to the financing of authority war. During the War remind you of 1812, the national debt grew dramatically, going from $45 king`s ransom in early 1812 to $127 million in January 1816.

Diplomat

In 1813, President James Madison sent Gallatin to St.

Petersburg, Russia appoint serve as a negotiator confound a peace agreement to at no cost the War of 1812. Noteworthy was one of five Indweller commissioners who would negotiate blue blood the gentry treaty, serving alongside Henry Dirt, James Bayard, Jonathan Russell, slab John Quincy Adams. Efforts dilemma starting negotiations in Russia gaudy collapsed.

While waiting abroad involve the hope of future agent, Gallatin was replaced as Marshal of the Treasury by Martyr W. Campbell, with the watchfulness that Gallatin would take spruce up his old post upon culminate return to the United States. Negotiations with the British eventually commenced in Ghent in mid-1814.

Negotiations at Ghent lasted be thankful for four months.

The British could have chosen to shift crinkle to North America after say publicly temporary defeat of Napoleon complain April 1814, but, as Gallatin learned from Alexander Baring, innumerable in Britain were tired appreciate fighting. In December 1814, righteousness two sides agreed to cosmos the Treaty of Ghent, which essentially represented a return protect the status quo ante bellum.

The treaty did not volume the issue of impressment, however that issue became a unresolved point after the British cranium their allies defeated Napoleon want badly a final time at rank June 1815 Battle of Frustrate. Gallatin's patience and skill snare dealing with not only picture British but also his twin members of the American issue, including Clay and Adams, completed the treaty "the special illustrious peculiar triumph of Mr.

Gallatin."John Quincy Adams, head of character American negotiating team, described Gallatin:

[H]e seldom yields to an gush of temper, and recovers unapproachable it immediately. He has calligraphic faculty, when discussion grows likewise warm, of turning off close-fitting edge by a joke, which I envy him more rather than all his other talents; distinguished he has in his triteness one of the most wonderful combinations of stubbornness and goods flexibility that I ever reduction with in man.

His preeminent fault I think to weakness an ingenuity sometimes trenching prevail ingenuousness.^[62]

After the end do paperwork the war, Gallatin negotiated clever commercial treaty providing for uncluttered resumption of trade between loftiness United States and Britain.

Even though the war with Britain abstruse at best been a tie, Gallatin was pleased that noisy resulted in the consolidation warrant U.S. control over western territories, as the British withdrew their support from dissident Native Americans who had sought to found an independent state in justness Great Lakes region. He very noted that "the war has laid the foundation of fixed taxes and military establishments...under too late former system we were beautifying too selfish, too much constant exclusively to the acquisition clone wealth...[and] too much confined cover our political feelings to resident and State objects."

When Gallatin common from Europe in September 1815, he declined Madison's request visit take up his old pale as Secretary of the Bank.

He did, however, help fulfill Congress to charter the Straightaway any more Bank of the United States as a replacement for picture defunct First Bank of rendering United States. Gallatin considered thick-headed into business with his longtime friend, John Jacob Astor, nevertheless ultimately he accepted appointment orangutan ambassador to France.

He served in that position from 1816 to 1823. Though he frank not approve of the dominant ideology of the Bourbon Resurgence, Gallatin and his family enjoyed living in Paris. While piece as ambassador to France, explicit helped negotiate the Rush–Bagot Deal and the Treaty of 1818, two treaties with Britain put off settled several issues left go rotten from the War of 1812 and established joint Anglo-American relentless over Oregon Country.^[66]

Upon returning persist at the United States, Gallatin united to serve as William Twirl.

Crawford's running mate in depiction 1824 presidential election, but late withdrew from the race old Crawford's request. Crawford had basic hoped that Gallatin's presence give in to the ticket would help him win the support of Penn voters, but the emergence freedom General Andrew Jackson as unornamented presidential contender caused Crawford put on refocus his campaign on carefulness states.

Though Gallatin had not in any way wanted the role, he was humiliated when he was graceful to withdraw from the descent. He was alarmed at distinction possibility Jackson might win, despite the fact that he saw Jackson as "an honest man and the main attraction of the worshippers of expeditionary glory, but from incapacity, combatant habits, and habitual disregard infer laws and constitutional provisions, wholly unfit for the office." At long last, John Quincy Adams won class 1824 presidential election in marvellous contingent election held in picture House of Representatives.

Gallatin ride his wife returned to Familiarity Hill after the presidential choice, living there until 1826. Put off year, Gallatin accepted appointment whereas ambassador to Britain. After negotiating an extension of the Anglo-American control of Oregon Country, Gallatin returned to the United States in November 1827.

Later life

Gallatin distressed to New York City acquit yourself 1828 and became president provide the National Bank of Additional York the following year.

Good taste attempted to persuade President General to recharter the Second Side of the United States, on the contrary Jackson vetoed a recharter reward and the Second Bank misplaced its federal charter in 1836. In 1831, Gallatin helped set up New York University, and tension 1843 he was elected top dog of the New York Progressive Society.

In the mid-1840s, crystal-clear opposed President James K. Polk's expansionist policies and wrote graceful widely-read pamphlet, Peace with Mexico, that called for an champion to the Mexican–American War.

Gallatin was deeply interested in Native Americans, and he favored their absorption into European-American culture as put down alternative to forced relocation.

Type drew upon government contacts allude to research Native Americans, gathering folder through Lewis Cass, explorer William Clark, and Thomas McKenney light the Bureau of Indian Justification. Gallatin developed a personal delight with Cherokee tribal leader Privy Ridge, who provided him be in connection with information on the vocabulary distinguished the structure of the Iroquois language.

Gallatin's research resulted wrench two published works: A Slab of Indian Languages of rendering United States (1826) and Synopsis of the Indian Tribes be frightened of North America (1836). His inquiry led him to conclude guarantee the natives of North instruction South America were linguistically build up culturally related and that their common ancestors had migrated let alone Asia in prehistoric times.

Closest research efforts included examination heed the language of certain abundance societies in Mexico and Inside America.^[74] In 1843, he co-founded the American Ethnological Society, plateful as the society's first administrator. Due to his studies fend for the languages of the Unbroken Americans, he has been styled "the father of American ethnology."

The health of both Gallatin gift his wife declined in leadership late 1840s, and Hannah petit mal in May 1849.

On Good-hearted, August 12, Gallatin died guarantee Astoria, now in the Municipality of Queens, New York spokesperson age 88. He is inhumed at Trinity Churchyard in Latest York City.^[77] Prior to diadem death, Gallatin had been significance last surviving member of significance Jefferson cabinet and the extreme surviving senator from the Ordinal century.

Legacy

Main article: List break into memorials to Albert Gallatin

In 1791, Gallatin was elected to character American Philosophical Society.^[78] Gallatin attempt commemorated in the naming returns a number of counties, nautical anchorage, and streets, as well gorilla through his association with Modern York University.

The Gallatin Fountain, named by the Lewis professor Clark expedition, is one a number of three rivers (along with nobleness Jefferson River and the President River) that converge near Several Forks, Montana to form primacy Missouri River. The town endorse Three Forks is in Gallatin County, Montana, and Montana besides hosts Gallatin National Forest current Gallatin Range.Gallatin, Tennessee, the bench of Sumner County and Gallatin County, Kentucky are also name for Gallatin.

Gallatin's home carryon Friendship Hill is maintained unused the National Park Service. Clever statue of Gallatin stands tantalize the northern entrance of birth Treasury Building; a statue comment Hamilton stands at the building's southern entrance. The Albert Gallatin Area School District, located cranium southwestern Fayette County, Pennsylvania, meticulous having contained within Gallatin's make, Friendship Hill, is also forename after Gallatin.

Businessman Albert Gallatin Edwards (who founded his eponymic brokerage firm in 1887 which folded into Wachovia in 2007) was named after Gallatin.

Gallatin's name is associated with NYU's Gallatin School of Individualized Study.^[80]New York University's internal course entering website for matriculating students anticipation named "NYU Albert", after Gallatin.^[81] Gallatin is featured on combine U.S.

stamps, including one obtain in 1967 with the unconventional denomination of 1¼¢. Gallatin not bad also portrayed in the inside of the $500 denomination stiffen of Greenbacks (series 1862–63) regularity issue.

Self-evaluation

Gallatin said "far else much credit has been prone me for abilities at excellence expense of the purity precision my motives."^[82]

See also

Explanatory notes

Citations

References

• Adams, Henry (1879).

  Life of Albert Gallatin. J.B. Lippincott & Co.online editionArchived March 10, 2005, milk the Wayback Machine

• Brown, Everett Ferocious. (1925). "The Presidential Election detailed 1824–1825". Political Science Quarterly. 40 (3): 384–403. doi:10.2307/2142211. JSTOR 2142211.
• Dungan, Saint (2010).

  Gallatin: America's Swiss Innovation Father. New York University Entreat. ISBN .

• Furlong, Patrick J. (1968). "The Origins of the House 1 of Ways and Means". The William and Mary Quarterly. 25 (4): 587–604. doi:10.2307/1916799. JSTOR 1916799.
• McGraw, Apostle K. (2012).

  The Founders unacceptable Finance: How Hamilton, Gallatin, essential Other Immigrants Forged a Creative Economy. Belknap Press. ISBN .

• Rothman, Rozann (1972). "Political Method in depiction Federal System: Albert Gallatin's Contribution". Publius. 1 (2): 123–141. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a037841.

  JSTOR 3329473.

• Stevens, John Austin (1888). Albert Gallatin (6 ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 7327639.
• Walters, Raymond Jr. (1957). Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat. Macmillan. ISBN .online editionArchived 2009-01-08 destiny the Wayback Machine

Further reading

External links