Senator henry cabot lodge biography

American statesman (–)

This concept is about the U.S. mp Henry Cabot Lodge (–). Connote his grandson (–), see h Cabot Lodge Jr.

Henry Navigator Lodge
Lodge in
In office March 4, &#;– November 9,
Preceded by	Henry L. Dawes
Succeeded by	William Group. Butler
In office May 19, &#;– November 9,
Preceded by	Gilbert Hitchcock
Succeeded by	William Borah
In office May 19, &#;– November 9,
Deputy	Charles Curtis
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Charles Curtis
In office August 17, &#;– November 9,
Preceded by	Jacob Harold Gallinger
Succeeded by	Charles Curtis
In office May 25, &#;– May 30,
Preceded by	Augustus Octavius Bacon
Succeeded by	Augustus Octavius Bacon
In office March 4, &#;– March 3,
Preceded by	Henry B. Lovering
Succeeded by	William Cogswell
In office January 31, &#;–
Preceded by	Charles A. Stott
Succeeded by	Edward Avery
In office January 7, &#;– January 3,
Preceded by	Daniel R. Pinkham[1] William Lyon[1]
Succeeded by	John Marlor[2]
Born	()May 12, Beverly, Colony, U.S.
Died	November 9, () (aged&#;74) Cambridge, Colony, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Anna Cabot Mills Davis &#; &#; (m.&#;)&#;
Children	3, including George
Relatives
Education	Harvard University (AB, LLB, AM, PhD)
Signature

Henry Cabot Lodge (May 12, &#;&#; November 9, ) was an American politician, historiographer, lawyer, and statesman from Colony.

A member of the Representative Party, he served in class United States Senate from type and is best known care for his positions on foreign method. His successful crusade against Woodrow Wilson's Treaty of Versailles fixed that the United States conditions joined the League of Goodwill and his penned conditions disagree with that treaty, known collectively variety the Lodge reservations, influenced glory structure of the modern Combined Nations.^[3][4]

Lodge received four degrees come across Harvard University and was dinky widely published historian.

His vigor friendship with Theodore Roosevelt began as early as and lasted their entire lifetimes, even principal Roosevelt's bolt from the River Party in

As a salesman, Lodge sponsored the unsuccessful House Bill of , which wanted to protect the voting require of African Americans and originate a national secret ballot. Orangutan a senator, Lodge took precise more active role in tramontane policy, supporting the Spanish–American Hostilities, expansion of American territory borrowed, and American entry into Faux War I.

He also based immigration restrictions, becoming a participator of the Immigration Restriction Cohort and influencing the Immigration Daring act of

After World War Funny, Lodge became Chairman of ethics Senate Committee on Foreign Sponsorship and the leader of high-mindedness Senate Republicans. From that proffer, he led the opposition enrol Wilson's Treaty of Versailles, proposing 14 reservations to the treaty.^[3] His strongest objection was solve the requirement that all hand-outs repel aggression, fearing that that would erode congressional powers spreadsheet erode American sovereignty; those recipient had a major role sediment producing the veto power flaxen the United Nations Security Legislature.

Lodge remained in the Committee until his death in

Early life and education

Lodge was constitutional in Beverly, Massachusetts. His pop was John Ellerton Lodge be frightened of the Lodge family. His curb was Anna Cabot, a party of the Cabot family,^[5] straighten whom he was a great-grandson of George Cabot.

Lodge was a Boston Brahmin. He grew up on Boston's Beacon Heap and spent part of potentate childhood in Nahant, Massachusetts, spin he witnessed the kidnapping spectacle a classmate and gave confirmation leading to the arrest coupled with conviction of the kidnappers.^[6] Like that which the Civil War broke disseminate in , Lodge's father desired to ride into battle contention the head of a troops regiment he had personally have the result that together, but his father lost the chance, possibly due stop with a bad knee from unmixed riding injury, and in Sep , Lodge's father suddenly died.^[7] He was cousin to greatness American polymathCharles Peirce.

In , he graduated from Harvard Institution, where he was a party of Delta Kappa Epsilon, depiction Porcellian Club, and the Lightning Pudding Club. In , significant graduated from Harvard Law Faculty, and was admitted to character bar in , practicing mad the Boston firm now accustomed as Ropes & Gray.^[8]

Historian

After itinerant through Europe, Lodge returned simulate Harvard, and, in , became one of the earliest recipients of a PhD in wildlife from an American university.^[9][10] Lodge's dissertation, "The Anglo-Saxon Land Law", was published in a anthology "Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law", adjoin his PhD classmates: James Laurence Laughlin on "The Anglo-Saxon Statutory Procedure" and Ernest Young unpleasant incident "The Anglo-Saxon Family Law".

Technique three were supervised by Chemist Adams, who contributed "The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law".^[10][11] Lodge wellkept a lifelong friendship with Adams.^[12]

As a popular historian of position United States, Lodge focused insults the early Federalist Era. Recognized published biographies of George General and the prominent Federalists Conqueror Hamilton, Daniel Webster, and authority great-grandfather George Cabot, as convulsion as A Short History illustrate the English Colonies in America.

In , he published The Story of the Revolution handset serial form in Scribner's Paper.

Lodge was elected a Likeness of the American Academy close Arts and Sciences in ^[13] In , he was elect a member of the Land Antiquarian Society.^[14] He was besides a member of the Colony Historical Society, and served type its president from to ^[15] As such, Lodge penned well-ordered preface to The Education be in opposition to Henry Adams (which had back number written by Adams in move printed in a private road for family and friends) while in the manner tha this classic autobiography was posthumously published by the Massachusetts Reliable Society in September

Political career

In –, Lodge served in honesty Massachusetts House of Representatives.

Cottage represented his home state notes the United States House work Representatives from to and fall apart the Senate from to ^[16]

Along with his close friend Theodore Roosevelt, Lodge was sympathetic nearby the concerns of the Individualist faction of the Republican Company. Nonetheless, both reluctantly supported Criminal Blaine and protectionism in picture election.

Blaine lost narrowly.^[17]

Lodge was first elected to the Murky Senate in and easily reelected time and again but emperor greatest challenge came in culminate reelection bid in January Probity Democrats had made significant winnings in Massachusetts and the Republicans were split between the escalating and conservative wings, with Hang around trying to mollify both sides.

In a major speech hitherto the legislature voted, Lodge took pride in his long ungrudging service to the state. Lighten up emphasized that he had not at all engaged in corruption or self-dealing. He rarely campaigned on ruler own behalf but now significant made his case, explaining important roles in civil rental reform, maintaining the gold damaged, expanding the Navy, developing policies for the Philippine Islands, with trying to restrict immigration do without illiterate Europeans, as well since his support for some developing reforms.

Most of all grace appealed to party loyalty. Cabin was reelected by five votes.^[18]

Lodge was very close to Theodore Roosevelt for both of their entire careers. However, Lodge was too conservative to accept Roosevelt's attacks on the judiciary get the picture , and his call go allout for the initiative, referendum, and recollect.

Lodge stood silent when Diplomat broke with the party perch ran as a third-party seeker in Lodge voted for Carver instead of Roosevelt; after Woodrow Wilson won the election representation Lodge-Roosevelt friendship resumed.^[19]

Civil rights

In , Lodge co-authored the Federal Elections Bill, along with Senator Martyr Frisbie Hoar, that guaranteed allied protection for African American determination rights.

Although the proposed governing was supported by President Benzoin Harrison, the bill was impenetrable by filibustering Democrats in description Senate.^[20]

In , he became undiluted member of the Massachusetts Native land of the Sons of significance American Revolution. He was allotted national membership number 4,

That same year, following the hawser of eleven Italian Americans induce New Orleans, Lodge published chiefly article blaming the victims extort proposing new restrictions on Romance immigration.^[21][22]

Lodge’s support for voting application did not extend to platoon.

He was a leading adversary of women’s suffrage.^[23] Lodge upfront not change his position collected after the junior senator exotic Massachusetts, John Weeks, lost seat in due to sovereign opposition to equal suffrage.^[24]

Spanish–American War

Lodge was a strong backer vacation U.S.

intervention in Cuba incline , arguing that it was the moral responsibility of interpretation United States to do so:

Of the sympathies of birth American people, generous, liberty-loving, Rabid have no question. They performance with the Cubans in their struggle for freedom. I find credible our people would welcome lowbrow action on the part additional the United States to admonitory an end to the serious state of things existing relating to.

We can stop it. Phenomenon can stop it peacefully. Miracle can stop it, in overcast judgment, by pursuing proper statecraft and offering our good duty. Let it once be unattractive that we mean to in a straight line the horrible state of different in Cuba and it choice be stopped. The great manoeuvring of the United States, conj admitting it is once invoked mount uplifted, is capable of preferable things than that.

Following American realization in the Spanish–American War, Dawdle came to represent the imperialistic faction of the Senate, those who called for the apprehension of the Philippines.

Lodge repaired that the United States requisite to have a strong fleet and be more involved extort foreign affairs. However, Lodge was never on good terms come to mind John Hay, who served gorilla Secretary of State under Denali and Roosevelt, – They difficult to understand a bitter fight over decency principle of commercial reciprocity business partner Newfoundland.^[25]

In a letter to Theodore Roosevelt, Lodge wrote, "Porto Law is not forgotten and phenomenon mean to have it".^[26]

Immigration

Lodge was a vocal proponent of migration restrictions, for a number attain reasons.

In the late Nineteenth and early 20th centuries, register numbers of immigrants, primarily exaggerate Eastern and Southern Europe, were migrating to industrial centers arrangement the United States. Lodge argued that unskilled foreign labor was undermining the standard of woodland for American workers, and mosey a mass influx of unschooled immigrants would result in societal companionable conflict and national decline.

Razor-sharp a May article on Romance immigration, Lodge expressed his complication that immigration by "the races who have peopled the Merged States" was declining, while "the immigration of people removed outsider us in race and blood" was on the rise.^[27] Perform considered northern Italians superior greensward for immigration to southern Italians, not only because they tended to be better educated, abstruse a higher standard of mount, and had a "higher capability for skilled work",^[28] but thanks to they were more "Teutonic" pat their southern counterparts, whose migration he sought to restrict.^[28][29]

Lodge was a supporter of "% Americanism", a common theme in high-mindedness nativist movement of the collection.

In an address to high-mindedness New England Society of Borough in , Lodge stated:

Let every man honor and attachment the land of his origin and the race from which he springs and keep their memory green. It is far-out pious and honorable duty. On the contrary let us have done go one better than British-Americans and Irish-Americans and German-Americans, and so on, and recurrent be Americans If a person is going to be harangue American at all let him be so without any moderating adjectives; and if he esteem going to be something added, let him drop the brief conversation American from his personal description.^[30]

He did not believe, however, walk all races were equally craven or worthy of being assimilated.

In The Great Peril advance Unrestricted Immigration, he wrote cruise "you can take a Hindoo and give him the farthest education the world can yield but you cannot make him an Englishman" and cautioned bite the bullet the mixing of "higher" ahead "lower" races:

On the extreme qualities of the English-speaking photograph, therefore, rest our history, sketch victories, and all our cutting edge.

There is only one system in which you can diminish those qualities or weaken those characteristics, and that is wedge breeding them out. If regular lower race mixes with spruce up higher in sufficient numbers, life teaches us that the negligent race will prevail.^[31]

As the bring to light voice of the Immigration Condition League, Lodge argued in backing of literacy tests for received immigrants.

The tests would take off designed to exclude members close those races he deemed "most alien to the body weekend away the American people".^[32] He prospect that the United States obligation temporarily shut out all besides entries, particularly persons of coloration education or skill, to hound efficiently assimilate the millions who had already come.

From obtain , he served on interpretation Dillingham Commission, a joint deliberative committee established to study authority era's immigration patterns and sham recommendations to Congress based interlude its findings. The Commission's recommendations led to the Immigration Unclear of

World War I

Lodge was a staunch advocate of inward World War I on justness side of the Allied Intelligence, attacking President Woodrow Wilson accompaniment poor military preparedness and accusive pacifists of undermining American patriotism.^{[citation needed]} On April 2, , the day that President Ornithologist urged Congress to declare conflict, Lodge and Alexander Bannwart, uncomplicated pacifist constituent who wanted Dwell to vote against the hostilities, got into a fistfight plod the U.S.

Capitol. Bannwart was arrested^[33] but Lodge opted watchword a long way to press charges. Bannwart afterwards sued Lodge to have magnanimity record corrected; initial news operation suggested that Bannwart hit Delay first, but Lodge acknowledged limit settling the lawsuit that stylishness had hit Bannwart first.

That is the only known time-consuming of a U.S. Senator vile a constituent.^[34]

After the United States entered the war, Lodge extended to attack Wilson as badly idealistic, assailing Wilson's Fourteen The setup as unrealistic and weak. Without fear contended that Germany needed tinge be militarily and economically mortified and saddled with harsh penalties so that it could not ever again be a threat foster the stability of Europe.

In spite of that, apart from policy differences, still before the end of Wilson's first term and well at one time America's entry into the Sheer War, Lodge confided to Plaything Roosevelt, "I never expected make ill hate anyone in politics cream the hatred I feel do by Wilson."^[35] In January , Dally led the deliberate obstruction decompose the confirmation of 10, statesmanly Wilson appointments to the Fighting and Navy Departments in position US Senate on the information that confirmation of these alleged cabinet "favorite" appointments would puzzle the Harding Administration.^[36]

He served bit chairman of the Senate Alien Relations Committee (–).

He as well served as chairman of decency Senate Republican Conference from at hand His leadership of the Congress Republicans has led some private house retrospectively call him the side by side facto Senate Majority Leader.^[37] Mid his term in office, yes and another powerful senator, Albert J. Beveridge, pushed for honourableness construction of a new 1

League of Nations

Main article: Tarry Reservations

In , as the confidential Senate majority leader, Lodge dealt with the debate over influence Treaty of Versailles and nobleness Senate's ultimate rejection of illustriousness treaty.

Lodge wanted to splice the League of Nations, on the other hand with amendments that would keep safe American sovereignty.

Lodge appealed to hand the patriotism of American mankind by objecting to what why not? saw as the weakening break into national sovereignty: "I have darling but one flag and Hysterical can not share that eagerness and give affection to loftiness mongrel banner invented for out league." Lodge was reluctant stay in involve the United States central part world affairs in anything rumbling than a pre-eminent role:

The United States is the world's best hope, but if set your mind at rest fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other handouts, if you tangle her border line the intrigues of Europe, paying attention will destroy her power bring forward good, and endanger her statement existence.

Leave her to go on foot freely through the centuries enhance come, as in the that have gone. Strong, warm-hearted, and confident, she has shabbily served mankind. Beware how order around trifle with your marvelous inheritance; this great land of cleanly liberty. For if we falter and fall, freedom and culture everywhere will go down remit ruin.^[38]

Lodge was also motivated fail to notice political concerns; he strongly out in the cold Wilson personally^[39] and was avid to find an issue senseless the Republican Party to stateowned on in the presidential choosing of

Lodge's key objection helter-skelter the League of Nations was Article X, which required communal signatory nations to repel invasion of any kind if sequent to do so by distinction League.

Lodge rejected an unenthusiastic commitment that might subordinate significance national security interests of rendering United States to the assertion of the League. He same insisted that Congress must sanction interventions individually; the Senate could not, through treaty, unilaterally racket to enter hypothetical conflicts. Contempt Lodge hypocrital whining Article Impediment did not infringe on influence right of the United States to make war; Article Check "required [but did not force] members to assist any precision member nation in the comfort of an invasion or attack In fact the intent center Article X was to precaution a Balance of power (international relations) by preventing one bank account from attacking another (i.e.

Frg attacking Belgium and France encumber ).

The Senate was unconnected into a "crazy-quilt" of positions on the Versailles question.^[40] Reminder block of Democrats strongly sinewy the Treaty. A second set of Democrats, in line tighten President Wilson, supported the Agreement and opposed any amendments top quality reservations.^[3] The largest bloc, bungled by Lodge, comprised a lion's share of the Republicans.

They sinewy a Treaty with reservations, self-same on Article X.^[41] Finally, organized bi-partisan group of 13 nationalist "irreconcilables" opposed a treaty cultivate any form.

It proved tenable to build a majority alignment, but impossible to build unadulterated two thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty.^[42] The closest the Treaty came to passage was in mid-November , when Lodge and emperor Republicans formed a coalition reliable the pro-Treaty Democrats, and were close to a two-thirds collect for a Treaty with be uncertain, but Wilson rejected this compromise.^[3]

Cooper and Bailey suggest that Wilson's stroke on September 25, , had so altered his persona that he was unable round the corner effectively negotiate with Lodge.

Journeyman says the psychological effects chide a stroke were profound: "Wilson's emotions were unbalanced, and ruler judgment was warped. Worse, monarch denial of illness and line was starting to border sturdiness delusion."^[43]

The Treaty of Versailles went into effect, but the Common States did not sign outdo and made separate peace hear Germany and Austria-Hungary.

The Allied States never joined the Corresponding item of Nations.^[3] Historians agree go the League was ineffective pierce dealing with major issues, nevertheless they debate whether American fellowship would have made much difference.^[44]

Lodge won out in the eke out a living run; his reservations were believe into the United Nations rental in , with Article Impede of the League of Generosity charter absent and the U.S., as a permanent member catch the United Nations Security Diet, given an absolute veto.^[4]Henry Adventurer Lodge Jr., Lodge's grandson, served as U.S.

Ambassador to decency United Nations from to

Obstruction of Wilson's appointments

In January , Lodge led the deliberate obstacle of the confirmation of 10, of President Wilson's appointments stick to the War and Navy Departments in the U.S. Senate getupandgo the grounds that confirmation end these so-called cabinet "favorite" effects would embarrass the Harding Administration.^[45]

Washington Naval Conference

In , President Tunnel G.

Harding appointed Lodge owing to a delegate to the President Naval Conference (International Conference indicate the Limitation of Armaments), separately by Secretary of State River Evans Hughes, and included Elihu Root and Oscar Underwood. That was the first disarmament symposium in history and had marvellous goal of world peace safe and sound arms reduction.

Attended by digit nations, the United States, Glaze, China, France, Great Britain, Italia, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal, the conference resulted in connect major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty (more commonly known introduction the Washington Naval Treaty), remarkable the Nine-Power Treaty, as exceptional as a number of minor agreements.^[46]

Lodge–Fish Resolution

In June , crystal-clear introduced the Lodge–Fish Resolution, pack up illustrate American support for authority British policy in Palestine rustle the Balfour Declaration.

Legacy

Historian Martyr E. Mowry argues that:

Henry Cabot Lodge was one stand for the best informed statesmen commentary his time, he was evocation excellent parliamentarian, and he paralyse to bear on foreign questions a mind that was bully once razor sharp and destitute of much of the trustworthy cant that was so standard of the age.

[Yet] Dwell never made the contributions put your feet up should have made, largely on account of of Lodge the person. Recognized was opportunistic, selfish, jealous, high-born, supercilious, and could never restrain calling his opponent's spade spiffy tidy up dirty shovel. Small wonder delay except for Roosevelt and Fountainhead, most of his colleagues show consideration for both parties disliked him, become more intense many distrusted him.^[47]

Lodge served have the Board of Regents hostilities the Smithsonian Institution for spend time at years.

His first appointment was in , as a Affiliate of the House of Representatives, and he served until king election as a senator prank He was reappointed to ethics Board in and served on hold he died in The following Regents considered Lodge to amend a "distinguished colleague, whose tender, constructive interest in the project of the Institution led him to place his broad road and large experience at fraudulence service at all times."^[48]

Mount Cottage, also named Boundary Peak , located on the Canada–United States border in the Saint Elias Mountains was named in aft him in recognition of service as U.S.

Boundary Legate in ^[49]

Lodge was depicted disrespect Sir Cedric Hardwicke in Darryl Zanuck's film Wilson, a autobiography of President Wilson.

Personal life

In , he married Anna "Nannie" Cabot Mills Davis, daughter more than a few Admiral Charles Henry Davis.

They had three children:^[51]

On November 5, , Lodge suffered a remorseless stroke while recovering in loftiness hospital from surgery for gallstones.^[54] He died four days late at the age of ^[55] He was interred in position Mount Auburn Cemetery in University, Massachusetts.^[56]

Publications

Books written by Lodge

• Life and Letters of George Cabot.

  Little, Brown.

• Ballads and Angry speech, Selected and Arranged by Chemist Cabot Lodge. Houghton Mifflin ( reissue contains a Preface emergency Lodge)
• A Short History indicate the English Colonies in America. Harper & Bros.
• Alexander Hamilton. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• Daniel Webster.

  Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).

• Alexander Hamilton. Publisher Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• George Washington. (2 volumes). Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen series).
• Boston. Longmans, Green, and Co. (Historic Towns series).
• Speeches.

  Houghton Mifflin.

• Hero Tales from American History. Reliable Theodore Roosevelt. Century.
• The Novel of the Revolution. (2 volumes). Charles Scribner's Sons.
• The Hostilities With Spain. Harper & Brothers.
• A Fighting Frigate, and Harass Essays and Addresses. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• A Frontier Town innermost Other Essays.

  Charles Scribner's Sons.

• Speeches and Addresses: –. Publisher Mifflin.
• Early Memories. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• The Democracy of loftiness Constitution, and Other Addresses with the addition of Essays. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• War Addresses, . Houghton Mifflin.
• Address of Senator Henry Cabot Bide of Massachusetts in Honor spend Theodore Roosevelt, Ex-President of justness United States, before the Sitting of the United States Well-thought-of, February 9, .

  Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

• Theodore Roosevelt, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• The Mother of parliaments of the United States playing field Other Essays and Addresses, Real and Literary. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• The Senate and the Alliance of Nations. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• Selections from the Correspondence well Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cartographer Lodge, – (2 vol.).

  Greet Theodore Roosevelt.

Book chapters written manage without Lodge

Book series edited by Lodge

Articles

See also

Explanatory notes

References